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2023-07-07
MySQL多表查询案例分析
多表查询
案列说明
笛卡尔积的理解
select id,department_namefrom employees,departments;#错的select id,department_id,department_namefrom employees CROSS JOIN departments;#错的登录后复制
每个员工和每个部门匹配了一遍(查出的条目数=id数*department数)
错误原因:缺少连接条件
笛卡尔积的解决
编写连接条件: 表1.列 = 表二.列(若多个表连接,至少要用n-1个连接条件)
select id,employees.name,department_name from employees,departmentsWHERE employees.name = departments.name;登录后复制
注:如果要显示的列在要查询的表中名字一样,则要表明,是出自哪个表, eg: employees.name
建议在多表查询时,标明显示的是哪个表的信息 (优化)
优化:可以在FROM后使用表的别名,但是一旦使用别名,后续就一定要都用别名
多表查询的分类
等值连接和非等值连接
等值连接:上述的带有=的非等值连接:没有=的
select t1.id,t1.name,t2.gradefrom employees t1,departments t2WHERE ti.salary BETWEEN t2.lowest_salary AND t2.highest_salary ;#非等值登录后复制
自连接和非自连接
非自链接:表1和表2连接自链接:表1和自己连接
#显示员工(t1)和其管理者(t2)的基本信息select t1.id,t1.name,t2.id,t2.namefrom employees t1,employees t2#一个表看作两个表WHERE t1.manage_id = t2.id ;#自连接登录后复制
内连接和外连接
内连接:合并含有同一列的表,结果不包括一个表与另一个表不匹配打的行外连接:合并含有同一列的表,结果除了内连接的结果还查询不匹配的行
外连接的分类:左外连接(左表多,补右边),右外连接(右表多,补左边),满外连接
SQL92:使用(+)创建连接
内连接:见上
外连接:左表有数据不匹配,在右表加(+);反之,在左表加(+),但是MySQL不支持
WHERE t1.department_id = t2.department_id(+)#左连接登录后复制
SQL99:使用JOIN...ON的方式
内连接
select t1.id,t1.name,t2.department_name,t3.environmentfrom employees t1 JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idJOIN locations t3#加入第二个人表ON t2.department_location = t3.department_location;登录后复制
外连接
使用OUTER JOIN...ON...
左外连接:LEFT OUTER JOIN右外连接:RIGHT OUTER JOIN满外连接:FULL OUTER JOIN(MySQL不支持)
select t1.name,t2.department_name#左外连接from employees t1 LEFT OUTER(可省略) JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id;登录后复制
UMION的使用
合并查询结果
SELECT colum... FROM table1UNION (ALL)SELECT colum... FROM table2登录后复制
UNION操作符
两个查询结果的并集,去重(效率低)
UNION ALL操作符(推荐)
两个查询结果的并集,不去重(效率高)
7种SQL JOINS的实现
中图(内连接):
select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id;登录后复制
左上图(左外连接):
select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id;登录后复制
右上图(右外连接):
select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id;登录后复制
左中图:
select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idWHERE t2.department_id IS NULL;登录后复制
右中图:
select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idWHERE t1.department_id IS NULL;登录后复制
左下图(满外连接):
#方式一:左上图 UNION ALL 右中图select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idUNION ALL select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idWHERE t1.department_id IS NULL;#方式二:左中图 UNION ALL 右上图select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idWHERE t2.department_id IS NULLUNION ALLselect t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id;登录后复制
右下图:
#左中图 UNION ALL 右中图select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idWHERE t2.department_id IS NULLUNION ALLselect t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_idWHERE t1.department_id IS NULL;登录后复制
SQL语法新特性
自然连接
使用关键字:NATURAL JOIN(不灵活),自动查询表中所有相同字段,然后进行等值连接
USING连接(不适用于自连接)
使用关键字:USING(同名字段),将表中相同名字的字段自动等值连接
select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 JOIN departments t2ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id;等价于select t1.name,t2.department_namefrom employees t1 JOIN departments t2USING(department_id);登录后复制
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