黄东旭解析 TiDB 的核心优势
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2023-06-03
MySQL 表空间加密插件 Keyring
前言
MySQL支持对InnoDB单表空间、通用表空间、系统表空间和Redo、Undo文件进行静态加密。从8.0.16开始支持对Schema和通用表空间设置加密默认值,这就允许对在这些Schema和表空间中的表是否加密进行统一控制;静态加密功能依赖于Keyring组件或插件,MySQL社区版提供的Keyring file插件会将Keyring数据存储在服务器主机的本地文件系统中。
01 安装
mkdir /usr/local/mysql/keyring chown -R mysql.mysql keyring
配置文件中增加
[mysqld]early-plugin-load=keyring_file.sokeyring_file_data=/usr/local/mysql/keyring/keyring
重启数据库
mysql> select * from information_Schema.plugins where plugin_name like '%keyring%'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** PLUGIN_NAME: keyring_file PLUGIN_VERSION: 1.0 PLUGIN_STATUS: ACTIVE PLUGIN_TYPE: KEYRING PLUGIN_TYPE_VERSION: 1.1 PLUGIN_LIBRARY: keyring_file.so PLUGIN_LIBRARY_VERSION: 1.10 PLUGIN_AUTHOR: *** Corporation PLUGIN_DESCRIPTION: store/fetch authentication data to/from a flat file PLUGIN_LICENSE: GPL LOAD_OPTION: ON mysql> show global variables like '%keyring%'; +--------------------+----------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+----------------------------------+ | keyring_file_data | /usr/local/mysql/keyring/keyring | | keyring_operations | ON | +--------------------+----------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
02 加密操作
mysql> alter table t7 encryption='Y'; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.10 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter table t2 encryption='Y'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter database test DEFAULT ENCRYPTION = 'Y'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> ALTER TABLESPACE mysql ENCRYPTION = 'Y'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.80 sec)
03 取消加密
mysql> alter table t2 encryption='N'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter table t7 encryption='N'; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter database test DEFAULT ENCRYPTION = 'N'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> ALTER TABLESPACE mysql ENCRYPTION = 'N'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.37 sec)
04 查看元数据
查看插件
mysql> SELECT PLUGIN_NAME, PLUGIN_STATUS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS WHERE PLUGIN_NAME LIKE 'keyring%'; +--------------+---------------+ | PLUGIN_NAME | PLUGIN_STATUS | +--------------+---------------+ | keyring_file | ACTIVE | +--------------+---------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
查看存在的key
mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.keyring_keys; +--------------------------------------------------+-----------+----------------+ | KEY_ID | KEY_OWNER | BACKEND_KEY_ID | +--------------------------------------------------+-----------+----------------+ | INNODBKey-8c537ce5-4a53-12eb-907d-000c298c47fa-1 | | | +--------------------------------------------------+-----------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
05 查看加密对象
加密表空间
mysql> SELECT SPACE, NAME, SPACE_TYPE, ENCRYPTION FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_TABLESPACES WHERE ENCRYPTION='Y'; +------------+---------+------------+------------+ | SPACE | NAME | SPACE_TYPE | ENCRYPTION | +------------+---------+------------+------------+ | 4294967294 | mysql | General | Y | | 145 | test/t7 | Single | Y | +------------+---------+------------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看加密表
mysql> SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, CREATE_OPTIONS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE CREATE_OPTIONS LIKE '%ENCRYPTION%'; +--------------+------------+----------------+ | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | CREATE_OPTIONS | +--------------+------------+----------------+ | test | t7 | ENCRYPTION='Y' | +--------------+------------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.04 sec)
查看加密Database
mysql> SELECT SCHEMA_NAME, DEFAULT_ENCRYPTION FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE DEFAULT_ENCRYPTION='YES'; +-------------+--------------------+ | SCHEMA_NAME | DEFAULT_ENCRYPTION | +-------------+--------------------+ | test | YES | +-------------+--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
从MySQL8.0.23版本开始,支持对DoubleWrite文件页的加密,这一特性无需单独配置。MySQL会自动加密属于加密表的双写文件页。支持通过配置innodb_redo_log_encrypt选项对Redo日志进行加密,默认禁用。启用innodb_redo_log_encrypt后原Redo日志中未加密页面保持未加密状态,新产生的Redo日志页面以加密形式写入;反之亦然。加密Metadata存放在ib_logfile0文件header中。支持通过配置innodb_undo_log_encrypt选项对Undo日志进行加密,默认禁用。启用innodb_undo_log_encrypt后原Undo日志中未加密页面保持未加密状态,新产生的undo日志页面以加密形式写入;反之亦然。加密Metadata存放在Undo日志文件header中。
06 加密秘钥轮换
加密秘钥应该定期轮换,轮换操作是原子的实例级别的操作。每次轮换主加密密钥时,MySQL 实例中的所有表空间密钥都会重新加密并保存回各自的表空间表头。如果轮换操作被服务器故障中断,重启后将会做前滚操作。
轮换操作只会更新主秘钥并重新加密表空间秘钥,并不会重新解密并加密表空间数据。
轮换操作需要Super权限或 ENCRYPTION_KEY_ADMIN权限;语句如下:
ALTER INSTANCE ROTATE INNODB MASTER KEY;
成功的 ALTER INSTANCE ROTATE INNODB MASTER KEY 语句将写入二进制日志以在副本上进行复制。
请确保对主秘钥进行备份(在创建和轮换后),否则可能无法恢复加密表空间中的数据。
07 通过Performance Schema监控加密进度
打开stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) instrument:
mysql> system clear mysql> USE performance_schema; Database changed mysql> UPDATE setup_instruments SET ENABLED = 'YES' WHERE NAME LIKE 'stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption)'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0
启用the stage event consumer tables,包括events_stages_current, events_stages_history, and events_stages_history_long.
mysql> UPDATE setup_consumers SET ENABLED = 'YES' WHERE NAME LIKE '%stages%'; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0
执行一个加密操作
mysql> ALTER TABLESPACE mysql ENCRYPTION = 'Y'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.80 sec)
通过查询Performance_Schema events_stages_current 表来检查加密操作的进度。
WORK_ESTIMATED 报告表空间中的总页数。
WORK_COMPLETED 报告处理的页数。
mysql> select * from events_stages_current; Empty set (0.00 sec)
如果加密操作已完成,events_stages_current 表将返回一个空集。在这种情况下,您可以检查 events_stages_history 表以查看已完成操作的事件数据。
mysql> SELECT EVENT_NAME, WORK_COMPLETED, WORK_ESTIMATED FROM events_stages_history; +--------------------------------------------+----------------+----------------+ | EVENT_NAME | WORK_COMPLETED | WORK_ESTIMATED | +--------------------------------------------+----------------+----------------+ | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | | stage/innodb/alter tablespace (encryption) | 2559 | 2559 | +--------------------------------------------+----------------+----------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
关于作者
杨明翰,云和恩墨服务总监。拥有MySQL、***、TiDB、***等认证。长期从事MySQL、PG、Redis、***的数据库技术服务。现负责云和恩墨西区开源数据库交付运维工作;热衷于开源数据库产品的研究。
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