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2023-06-01
MySQL中的SQL Mode及其作用
与其它数据库不同,MySQL可以运行在不同的SQL Mode下。SQL Mode定义MySQL应该支持什么样的SQL语法,以及它应该执行什么样的数据验证检查。
SQL Mode可以设置为一组应做检查的代号列表(模式值列表),也可以设置为预定义好的组合代号。
MySQL 5.7中的默认SQL Mode包括以下值:
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BYSTRICT_TRANS_TABLESNO_ZERO_IN_DATENO_ZERO_DATEERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERONO_AUTO_CREATE_USERNO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION。
root@database-one 22:48: [(none)]> show variables like 'sql_mode'; +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | sql_mode | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.05 sec) root@database-one 22:48: [(none)]> select @@sql_mode; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | @@sql_mode | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在MySQL中,SQL Mode常用来解决下面问题:
通过设置SQL Mode,可以完成不同严格程度的数据校验,保障数据准确性。通过设置SQL Mode为ANSI,保证大多数SQL符合标准的SQL语法。通过设置SQL Mode,可以使MySQL上的数据更方便的迁移到目标数据。
SQL Mode最常用的值:
ANSI,此模式更改语法和行为,使其更接近标准SQL。它等同于REAL_AS_FLOAT,PIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES,IGNORE_SPACE,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,ANSI。STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,如果无法按给定的方式将值插入到事务表中,请中止该语句。对于非事务表,如果值出现在单行语句或多行语句的第一行中,则中止该语句。TRADITIONAL,使MySQL的行为像一个“传统”的SQL数据库系统。在向列中插入错误值时,此模式“给出错误而不是警告”。它等同于STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,STRICT_ALL_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,TRADITIONAL,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION。
我们去验证下:
root@database-one 21:19: [(none)]> select @@session.sql_mode; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | @@session.sql_mode | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@database-one 21:20: [(none)]> set session sql_mode='ANSI'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) root@database-one 21:20: [(none)]> select @@session.sql_mode; +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| @@session.sql_mode | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | REAL_AS_FLOAT,PIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES,IGNORE_SPACE,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,ANSI | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@database-one 21:20: [(none)]> set session sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) root@database-one 21:24: [(none)]> select @@session.sql_mode; +---------------------+| @@session.sql_mode | +---------------------+ | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@database-one 21:24: [(none)]> set session sql_mode='TRADITIONAL'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) root@database-one 21:25: [(none)]> select @@session.sql_mode; +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | @@session.sql_mode | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,STRICT_ALL_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,TRADITIONAL,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL 5.7中支持的SQL Mode值全列表:
SQL Mode值说明
ALLOW_INVALID_DATES Do not perform full checking of dates. Check only that the month is in the range from 1 to 12 and the day is in the range from 1 to 31. ANSI_QUOTES Treat " as an identifier quote character (like the
quote character) and not as a string quote character.You can still use
我们通过一些例子,看看SQL Mode的部分值效果。
root@database-one 22:38: [(none)]> use gftest; Database changed root@database-one 22:39: [gftest]> select @@session.sql_mode; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | @@session.sql_mode | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@database-one 22:39: [gftest]> desc emp; +----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ename | varchar(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | sal | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | hiredate | date | YES | | NULL | | | deptno | int(2) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) root@database-one 22:39: [gftest]> insert into emp values('Anastasia ***',33,8200,now(),10); ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'ename' at row 1 root@database-one 22:39: [gftest]> set session sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) root@database-one 22:40: [gftest]> insert into emp values('Anastasia ***',33,8200,now(),10); Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec) root@database-one 22:40: [gftest]> select * from emp; +------------+------+---------+------------+--------+ | ename | age | sal | hiredate | deptno | +------------+------+---------+------------+--------+ | 郭军 | 27 | 8400.00 | 2019-12-08 | 10 | | 刘杰 | 30 | 9100.00 | 2018-04-09 | 10 | | 王艳 | 24 | 6000.00 | 2020-01-05 | 20 | | 马丽 | 26 | 7200.00 | 2018-07-06 | 30 | | 陈实 | 31 | 9000.00 | 2019-07-01 | 10 | | Anastasia | 33 | 8200.00 | 2020-04-29 | 10 | +------------+------+---------+------------+--------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到,当SQL Mode包含STRICT_TRANS_TABLES时,要插入的值’Anastasia ***’超过了字段ename的长度,报错无法插入。当SQL Mode不包含STRICT_TRANS_TABLES时,可以插入,但插入时做了值截断。
为了方便使用,MySQL预定义好一批SQL Mode值组合代号。
MySQL 5.7的清单如下:
ANSI,等同于REAL_AS_FLOAT, PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, and (as of MySQL 5.7.5) ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY。***,等同于PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, NO_KEY_OPTIONS, NO_TABLE_OPTIONS, NO_FIELD_OPTIONS。MAXDB,等同于PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, NO_KEY_OPTIONS, NO_TABLE_OPTIONS, NO_FIELD_OPTIONS, NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER。MSSQL,等同于PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, NO_KEY_OPTIONS, NO_TABLE_OPTIONS, NO_FIELD_OPTIONS。MYSQL323,等同于MYSQL323, HIGH_NOT_PRECEDENCE。MYSQL40,等同于MYSQL40, HIGH_NOT_PRECEDENCE。ORACLE,等同于PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, NO_KEY_OPTIONS, NO_TABLE_OPTIONS, NO_FIELD_OPTIONS, NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER。POSTGRESQL,等同于PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, NO_KEY_OPTIONS, NO_TABLE_OPTIONS, NO_FIELD_OPTIONS。TRADITIONAL,等同于STRICT_TRANS_TABLES, STRICT_ALL_TABLES, NO_ZERO_IN_DATE, NO_ZERO_DATE, ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO, NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER, and NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION。
关于作者
巩飞,云和恩墨应用架构产品部总经理,2002年工作至今,围绕数据库领域,搞过开发、架构、运维等,如今专注于产品;经历了两层架构时代关系型数据库技术的蓬勃发展,并在三层架构时代关系型数据库技术中砥砺前行,一直到现在互联网+时代数据库技术面临的诸多挑战。作为数据领域的老兵,很高兴能继续奋战在一线,和大家一起学习成长,乐在其中;擅长场景化的SQL质控解决方案、***数据库、TimesTen、GoldenGate等。
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